Mappatura dei fondali oceanici
Testo di una traduzione-campione sulla mappatura dei fondali oceanici (inglese>italiano)
About two thirds of the Earth's surface lies beneath the oceans. Before the 19th century, the depths of the open ocean were largely a matter of speculation, and most people thought that the ocean floor was relatively flat and featureless. However, as early as the 16th century, a few intrepid navigators, by taking soundings with hand lines, found that the open ocean can differ considerably in depth, showing that the ocean floor was not as flat as generally believed. Oceanic exploration during the next centuries dramatically improved our knowledge of the ocean floor. We now know that most of the geologic processes occurring on land are linked, directly or indirectly, to the dynamics of the ocean floor. "Modern" measurements of ocean depths greatly increased in the 19th century, when deep-sea line soundings (bathymetric surveys) were routinely made in the Atlantic and Caribbean. In 1855, a bathymetric chart published by U.S. Navy Lieutenant Matthew Maury revealed the first evidence of underwater mountains in the central Atlantic (which he called "Middle Ground"). This was later confirmed by survey ships laying the trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. Our picture of the ocean floor greatly sharpened after World War I (1914-18), when echo-sounding devices -- primitive sonar systems -- began to measure ocean depth by recording the time it took for a sound signal (commonly an electrically generated "ping") from the ship to bounce off the ocean floor and return. Time graphs of the returned signals revealed that the ocean floor was much more rugged than previously thought. Such echo-sounding measurements clearly demonstrated the continuity and roughness of the submarine mountain chain in the central Atlantic (later called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) suggested by the earlier bathymetric measurements. | La superficie terrestre è per circa due terzi coperta dagli oceani. Prima del 19° secolo, le profondità del mare aperto erano in gran parte oggetto di congetture e la maggioranza delle persone pensava che i fondali oceanici fossero relativamente piatti e monotoni. Tuttavia, già nel 16° secolo, alcuni navigatori coraggiosi, scandagliando con delle sagolette, scoprirono che il mare aperto presentava differenze notevoli di profondità, dimostrando che i fondali oceanici non erano così piatti come generalmente si credeva e nei secoli successivi la nostra conoscenza di tali fondali migliorò in modo notevole grazie all'esplorazione oceanica. Ora, sappiamo che la maggior parte dei processi geologici che si verificano sulla terraferma sono collegati, direttamente o indirettamente, alle dinamiche dei fondali oceanici. |




